How was the Nine Arch Bridge built without steel?
The Nine Arch Bridge was built only with rock, brick, and cement, no reinforcing steel, not even a bit. It was one of those engineering achievements where everything hinges on exact architectural geometry, so the huge weight from the trains gets spread out safely.
This bridge was built during the British colonial period in 1921, and the choice to skip steel happened because of harsh material shortages tied to World War I. Local builder P. K. Appuhami from Ceylon worked alongside British engineers. They went with a traditional arch design, where structural strength appears naturally because of compression and gravity, and that helps carry the loads.